This was the first recorded attempt to transplant foreign trees. Hatshepsut's delegation returned from Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees, the roots of which were carefully kept in baskets for the duration of the voyage. Many trade goods were bought in Punt, notably frankincense and myrrh. It set out in her name with five ships, each measuring 70 feet (21 m) long, bearing several sails and accommodating 210 men that included sailors and 30 rowers. This trading expedition to Punt was during the ninth year of Hatshepsut's reign. She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt. Hatshepsut re-established the trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, thereby building the wealth of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Another jar from the same tomb-which was discovered in situ by a 1935–36 Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition on a hillside near Thebes - was stamped with the seal of the " God's Wife Hatshepsut" while two jars bore the seal of "The Good Goddess Maatkare." The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into the burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb," is undisputed, which means that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as pharaoh, and not queen, of Egypt by Year 7 of her reign. The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in the tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer, where a collection of grave goods contained a single pottery jar or amphora from the tomb's chamber-which was stamped with the date "Year 7".
Thus, Hatshepsut could have assumed power as early as 1512 BC, or, as late as 1479 BC. Longer reigns would put her ascension 25 years after Thutmose I's coronation. With short reigns, Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after the coronation of Thutmose I, her father. The length of the reigns of Thutmose I and Thutmose II, however, cannot be determined with absolute certainty. Her father's reign began in either 1526 or 1506 BC according to the high and low estimates of her reign, respectively. ĭating the beginning of her reign is more difficult, however. At this point in the history, records of the reign of Hatshepsut end, since the first major foreign campaign of Thutmose III was dated to his 22nd year, which also would have been Hatshepsut's 22nd year as pharaoh. In Josephus' work, her reign is described as lasting 21 years and nine months, while Africanus stated it was twenty-two years. Josephus and Julius Africanus both quote Manetho's king list, mentioning a woman called Amessis or Amensis who has been identified (from the context) as Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut was described as having a reign of about 21 years by ancient authors. Today Egyptologists generally agree that Hatshepsut assumed the position of pharaoh. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, LondonĪlthough contemporary records of her reign are documented in diverse ancient sources, Hatshepsut was thought by early modern scholars as only having served as a co-regent from about 1479 to 1458 BC, during years seven to twenty-one of the reign previously identified as that of Thutmose III. Thutmose II with Iset, a secondary wife, would father Thutmose III, who would succeed Hatshepsut as pharaoh. Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter named Neferure. Her husband Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a secondary wife named Mutnofret, who carried the title 'King's daughter' and was probably a child of Ahmose I. While Thutmose III had inherited the throne at about two years old, Hatshepsut continued to rule by asserting her lineage as the daughter and only child of Thutmose I and his primary wife, Ahmose.
As the principal wife of Thutmose II, Hatshepsut initially ruled as regent to Thutmose III, a son of Thutmose II by another wife and the first male heir. Hatshepsut came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BC. (Various other women may have also ruled as pharaohs or at least regents before Hatshepsut, as early as Neithhotep around 1,600 years prior.)
She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, after Sobekneferu. 1507–1458 BC) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
Hatshepsut ( / h æ t ˈ ʃ ɛ p s ʊ t/ also Hatchepsut Egyptian: ḥꜣt- špswt "Foremost of Noble Ladies" c. Temple of Karnak, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Speos Artemidos Chapelle Rouge United with Amun, foremost of noble women